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1.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-25486

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: The present investigation was undertaken to study the iodine nutritional status of school children of Imphal east district in Manipur where endemic goitre persists during post-salt iodization phase along with the investigation of the factors responsible for the occurrence of goitre endemicity. METHODS: A total of 1,286 children (6-12 yr) were clinically examined for goitre from study areas of Imphal east district. A total of 160 urine samples were collected and analyzed to measure urinary iodine and thiocyanate levels. Iodine content was measured in 140 salt samples and 16 drinking water samples. RESULTS: Overall goitre prevalence was about 30 per cent (grade 1-24.7%; grade 2-5.3%) and median urinary iodine level was 17.25 microg/dl. The mean urinary thiocyanate level was 1.073 +/- 0.39 mg/dl. Iodine/thiocyanate ratio (microg/mg) was in the ranges from 15.65 to 22.34. The mean iodine content in drinking water samples was 2.92 +/- 1.75 microg/l and 97.8 per cent of edible salts had iodine level above 15 ppm at the consumption point. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: Our findings showed that in spite of no biochemical iodine deficiency, iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) is a serious public health problem in Imphal east district of Manipur. The consumption pattern of certain plant foods containing thiocyanate (or its precursors) was relatively high that interfere with thyroid hormone synthesis resulting in the excretion of more iodine. Thus, the existing dietary supplies of thiocyanate in relation to iodine may be a possible aetiological factor for the persistence of endemic goitre in the study region during post salt iodization period.


Subject(s)
Child , Goiter, Endemic/etiology , Humans , India , Iodine/administration & dosage , Thiocyanates/administration & dosage
2.
Rev. chil. nutr ; 31(3): 287-295, dic. 2004. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-396219

ABSTRACT

Paraguay, país mediterráneo ubicado en el corazón de America del Sur, con una superficie de 406.542 Km2 y con una población de 5,8 millones de habitantes importa toda la sal que consume de países cercanos como la Argentina, Brasil y Chile. En el presente estudio observacional, de tipo descriptivo utiliza el método ecográfico para determinar el tamaño y las características de la glándula tiroides, se examinaron 1034 escolares de ambos sexos de 13 distritos del país y fue realizado durante 3 meses del año 2000. Los lugares elegidos tenían antecedentes de bajo consumo de sal yodada con valores de yoduria por debajo de 50 æg/L, como también la medición de la yoduria por el método de trinitrito , el tenor de yodo en sal y la relación talla/peso de los escolares estudiados. El 82.9 por ciento del volumen tiroideo de los escolares resultó dentro de los limites normales. Se detectó un volumen tiroideo aumentado en el 17.1 por ciento de los niños según la edad y sexo y en 22 por ciento según la superficie corporal. Nódulos tiroideos se observaron en 5 niños y sólo1 niño tenía antecedentes de haber tenido cirugía tiroidea. El 53 por ciento de los distritos presentaron medias urinarias de yodo por encima de 200 æg/dL con un promedio de 301.3 æg/dL. El 40 por ciento de los distritos presentaron yodurias óptimas (entre 100 y 199 æg/dlL) con una media de 145 æg/dL. Solo el 7 por ciento presentó una media urinaria de yodo bajo 100 æg/dL. El estudio demostró una mejoría en la yodación de la sal de consumo humano al compararlo con los realizados en 1988 en el Paraguay,sin embargo,existen riesgos de producir en la población tirotoxicosis y enfermedades tiroideas autoinmunes por el porcentaje de yodo en la sal en aumento, por lo que se recomienda un seguimiento y control con los ajustes necesarios de los niveles de yodación.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Goiter, Endemic/epidemiology , Goiter, Endemic/etiology , Iodine Deficiency/complications , Thyroid Gland , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Paraguay
3.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-16399

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Consumption of cyanogenic foods has been considered as one of the etiological factors in certain instances for the persistence of endemic goitre. The present study was undertaken to study the cyanogenic glucosides, glucosinolates and thiocyanate content in edible portion of certain selected plant foods of Indian origin. Further in vitro anti-thyroidal activity using raw, boiled and cooked extracts of these plants with and without excess iodide was also studied. METHODS: Cyanogenic plant foods generally vegetables were collected from different areas of West Bengal and Tripura. Cassava was obtained from Meghalaya and Kerala and their cyanogenic glucosides, glucosinolates and thiocyanate were estimated. Thyroid peroxidase activity (TPO) of human thyroid was assayed from microsomal fraction following I3- from iodide. The anti-TPO activities of the plants were assayed after adding raw, boiled and cooked extracts in the assay medium with and without extra iodide. Relative antithyroidal potency of the plant extracts was also evaluated in terms of the concentration (IC50) necessary to produce 50 per cent inhibition of TPO activity. PTU equivalence of the plant foods was also determined. RESULTS: Cabbage and cauliflower were rich in glucosinolates, bamboo shoot and cassava were rich in cyanogenic glucosides, mustard, turnip and radish were relatively rich in thiocyanate however all the constituents were present in each plant. Boiled extracts showed maximum inhibition of TPO activity followed by cooked and raw extracts. Excess iodide was found relatively effective for raw extract but less effective for boiled and cooked extracts in reversing anti-TPO activity. Inhibition constant (IC50) was found highest with bamboo shoot and least with cabbage. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: Raw, boiled and cooked extracts of the plants showed anti-thyroidal activity in vitro. Excess iodide reversed the anti-TPO activity to same extent but could not neutralise it.


Subject(s)
Antithyroid Agents/chemistry , Cooking , Glucosides/analysis , Glucosinolates/analysis , Goiter, Endemic/etiology , Humans , India , Iodide Peroxidase/metabolism , Iodides/metabolism , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Plants, Edible/chemistry , Thiocyanates/analysis
4.
Gac. méd. Méx ; 138(2): 149-156, mar.-abr. 2002.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-333663

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To measure the frequency of goiter and the presence of potential goitrogens in a sample of school-age children and pregnant women. METHODS: Cross-sectional study in a purposive sample in three regions, one with known high prevalence of goiter (Huejutla), one with unknown prevalence (Ixmiquilpan) and one with no expected deficiency (Pachuca). Children were sampled from schools and pregnant women from rural reference hospitals. Goiter was evaluated by manual exam and ultrasound. RESULTS: Goiter prevalence in 673 children between 6 and 14 years old was 8 in Pachuca, 9 in Ixmiquilpan, and 14 in Huejutla. In 300 pregnant women, goiter prevalence was 19 in Pachuca, 20 in Ixmiquilpan, and 52 in Huejutla. In 936 interviews on salt consumption, 98 of families consumed table salt, but only 50 of the samples were adequately iodized. Twenty-four percent of families obtained water from wells contaminated with arsenicum and mercury in Pachuca and Ixmiquilpan, and with colibacilli in Ixmiquilpan. CONCLUSIONS: Even at the end of the millenium, endemic goiter is still a public health problem in this sample of school-age children and pregnant women. Despite consumption of iodized salt, ingestions of goitrogens may be contributing to the persistence of this problem.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Pregnancy , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Goiter, Endemic/etiology , Pregnancy Complications/etiology , Iodine , Goiter, Endemic/epidemiology , Pregnancy Complications/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Mexico , Prevalence
5.
Rev. chil. nutr ; 25(1): 20-7, abr. 1998. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-232913

ABSTRACT

Se presentan los requerimientos de yodo del ser humano, la etiología del bocio endémico, la evolución de la prevalencia de esta enfermedad nutricional colectiva en Chile y las consecuencias del bocio endémico, especialmente sobre el desarrollo del sistema nervioso central. Se discuten las diferentes posibilidades preventivas de esta enfermedad que debería estar erradicada en nuestros países al finalizar este siglo


Subject(s)
Humans , Goiter, Endemic/epidemiology , Nervous System/growth & development , Goiter, Endemic/etiology , Congenital Hypothyroidism/etiology , Iodine Deficiency/complications , Iodine/administration & dosage , Nutritional Requirements
6.
Indian J Pediatr ; 1998 Jan-Feb; 65(1): 115-20
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-80802

ABSTRACT

It is estimated that 1,570 million people are at risk of iodine deficiency. Because of the wide spectrum of disorders that IDD includes, and lack of any obvious association between iodine deficiency and its health effects, IDD is not perceived as a major public health problem. For any disease to be effectively controlled, awareness at all levels from community to policy makers is necessary. This study was conducted to assess knowledge, beliefs and practices regarding iodine deficiency Disorders in Car Nicobar districts of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The population is predominantly tribals involved in coconut plantations. All the village heads of the sixteen villages and parents of 10% of the school children examined for goiter were interviewed. Initial focus group discussions were conducted as no prior knowledge about local names for goitre or other related IDD information was available. The interview schedule was designed in English which was then translated into Hindi and Nicobarese and back translated into Hindi and English. A total of 114 persons were interviewed 60 males, 54 females. The local name for goiter was "Rulo" and 44% felt that it only affected females. No one had correct knowledge of the cause of goiter. About half of the respondents believed that these swellings caused problems. Sixty three (55.3%) of respondents believed that there was treatment, of which 33 said there was medical treatment, 18 respondents said traditional treatment by "LAM-EEN" and 12 felt that both therapies are required. Majority (85%) brought salt samples from the Government canteen. They did not now whether this salt was iodised. Salt was not washed before use and storage practice was satisfactory. The awareness about IDD needs reinforcement. At present the community is a passive participant in the I.D.D. Control Programme.


Subject(s)
Adult , Child , Developing Countries , Female , Goiter, Endemic/etiology , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Humans , India , Iodine/deficiency , Male , Medicine, Traditional , Middle Aged , Rural Population
7.
Rev. cuba. aliment. nutr ; 10(2): 122-31, jul.-dic. 1996. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-185418

ABSTRACT

La deficiencia del yodo es la causa principal de dano cerebral y retraso mental, y la mas facilmente prevenible. El ciclo biologico del yodo favorece la disminucion de sus fuentes naturales como consecuencia de factores ecologicos y, en menor grado, por la accion negativa del hombre sobre su entorno. La falta de cantidades infimas de yodo en la dieta (< 1-2 g/kg peso/dia) puede producir manifestaciones clinicas diversas, con efectos marcados sobre el crecimiento y el desarrollo humano que incluyen cretinismo y bocio endemicos, retraso del desarrollo sicomotor, aumento de la mortalidad infantil y otros. La prevencion y el control de estos trastornos se logran suministrando el yodo de forma estable y suficiente a toda la poblacion y particularmente a la que vive en areas de dificiencias. Se revisan tambien las alternativas para suministrar el yodo, de acuerdo con la importancia del problema de salud y sus principales inconvenientes


Subject(s)
Humans , Goiter, Endemic/etiology , Congenital Hypothyroidism/etiology , Iodine Deficiency/complications , Iodine Deficiency/prevention & control
10.
Rev. chil. pediatr ; 64(6): 407-10, nov.-dic. 1993.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-131741

ABSTRACT

El bocio endémico es el aumento de volumen de la glándula tiroides debido principalmente a la escasez de yodo en los alimentos. En el mundo hay aproximadamente un mil millones de personas expuestas a déficit de yodo en la dieta. Sesenta millones de las cuales viven en Iberoamérica, entre ellos los pobladores de las zonas precordilleranas y cordilleranas de Chile, incluyendo Santiago, donde una muestra de escolares mostraba, en el año 1982, prevalencias de 18 por ciento de bocio endémico, que se redujeron a menos de 8 por ciento siete años después de iniciado un programa de yodación de sal de mesa. La prevención del bocio y el cretinismo endémicos se basa en el suministro de yodo a la población, preferentemente en el pan, la sal de cocina, la administración de tabletas de yoduro de potasio o sódico y la administracion intramuscular u oral de aceite yodado, siendo lo mas corriente la incorporación de yodato potásico una parte por 10.000 o 20.000 partes de sal


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Goiter, Endemic/etiology , Goiter, Endemic/prevention & control , Congenital Hypothyroidism/prevention & control , Iodine Deficiency
11.
Diagnóstico (Perú) ; 25(3/4): 67-71, mar.-abr. 1990. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-90806

ABSTRACT

Se ha realizado un estudio de la prevalencia del Bocio endémico en los distritos de San Marcos y Chavín(Provincia de Huari,Departamento de Ancash).Se encuestaron 518 escolares(275 hombres y 243 mujeres) cuyas edades estuvieron entre 6 y 18 años ,en quienes se encontró 34.36% de Bocio OB,15.83% grado 1,2.88% grado II y 1.54% grado III,44.98% fueron normales .Se realizaron estudios hormonales (TSH,T3,T4)y de excreción urinaria de yodo en un grupo control(nivel del mar,Lima)y un grupo de la zona de bocio;los resultados muestran una menor excreción de yodo urinario en el grupo de bocio y desde el punto de vista hormonal,la TSH fue comparada en ambos grupos,la T4 fue menor en el grupo procedente de la zona de bocio,en cambio T3 fue mayor en este último grupo.Los resultados muestran que si bien los sujetos de zona de bocio poseen una excreción de yodo urinario que es catalogada como en riesgo, en cambio poseen una función tiroidea compensada.


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Adolescent , Male , Female , Goiter, Endemic/epidemiology , Goiter, Endemic/etiology , Goiter, Endemic/prevention & control , Thyroid Gland/anatomy & histology , Thyroid Gland/physiology , Thyroid Gland/physiopathology , Iodine Deficiency , Peru , Protein-Energy Malnutrition , Thyroid Hormones/analysis , Thyroid Hormones/deficiency , Urine/analysis
13.
Rev. chil. nutr ; 14(1): 23-8, abr. 1986.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-33621

ABSTRACT

Nos interesó estudiar la función tiroídea y posibles factores etiológicos del bocio endémico en los escolares de la comuna de Pirque, donde detectamos una prevalencia de 31% de bocio endémico. Se estudiaron 90 escolares, 48 sin bocio y 42 con bocio. Se determinó la concentración sérica de T3, T4 y Tsh por radioinmunoanálisis, caróteno, vitamina A y proteinemia. Además de realizó una encuesta de frecuencia de consumo y se encuestó sobre el grado de consaguinidad entre los padres de los escolares. En ambos grupos los valores hormonales estuvieron dentro del rango normal. La encuesta de frecuencia de consumo demostró que el grupo con bocio consumía más frecuentemente alimentos con alto contenido de yodo y más alimentos que contienen bocígenos (coliflor, rábanos, repollo y maní). Se encontró un alto porcentaje de consaguinidad entre los padres de estos escolares (7,2%), pero sin que hubiera diferencia entre ambos grupos. Estos resultados indican que la función tiroídea en esta área es normal y se discuten los posibles factores etiológicos involucrados en la producción del bocio endémico


Subject(s)
Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Humans , Goiter, Endemic/etiology , Thyroid Gland/physiology , Chile , Nutritional Status , Thyroid Function Tests
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